#include <cstdlib>
namespace pit{
    template<typename T>
    class passthrough{
        T underlying;
        public:
        passthrough<T>(T underlying): underlying(underlying){}
        passthrough<T>(passthrough<T>& from): underlying(from.underlying){}
        passthrough<T> operator+(std::size_t amount){
            return passthrough<T>(this->underlying+amount);
        }
        void operator+=(std::size_t amount){
            this->underlying += amount;
        } 
        passthrough<T> operator-(std::size_t amount){
            return passthrough<T>(this->underlying-amount);
        }
        void operator-=(std::size_t amount){
            this->underlying -= amount;
        } 
        T const& operator*(){
            return this->underlying;
        }
        bool operator==(passthrough<T> const& rhs){
            return this->underlying == rhs.underlying;
        }
    };
    template<typename T>
    class range{
        private:
        T beginning;
        T ending;
        public:
        range<T>(T begin, T end):beginning(begin), ending(end){}
        passthrough<T> begin(){
            return passthrough<T>(this->beginning);
        }
        passthrough<T> end(){
            return passthrough<T>(this->ending);
        }
    };

    template<typename T>
    class repeat{
        T val;
        public:
        // noops
        repeat<T> operator+(std::size_t ){}
        repeat<T> operator-(std::size_t ){}
        void operator+=(std::size_t ){}
        void operator-=(std::size_t ){}
        bool operator==(repeat const& rhs){return true;}
        T const& operator*(){
            return this->val;
        }
    };
}